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Academic ranks in France
The following summarizes basic academic ranks in the French higher education system. Most academic institutions being state-run, people with permanent positions are civil-servants. Several parallel, more or less equivalent, career paths exist, depending on the type of institutions. On the other hand, in most cases, a complete career requires at least two open recruitment procedures, as there is no individual promotion from the level equivalent to Associate Professor to the level of Full-Professor.
==Public institutions==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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